Many were supportive in their responses. Others, however, jibed that surrogacy meant “Nick has become a father but Priyanka is not a mother”, while some felt the need to take a jab at the 10-year age gap between the two, sardonically asking: “How will Priyanka raise two kids [at her age]?”

“So are you going to dump Nick Jonas now?” asked another Twitter user, referencing earlier remarks about not needing “a guy for anything except children” that Chopra was quoted as making in a 2016 interview.

Ready-made babies

Taslima Nasreen, a Bangladeshi author and feminist activist who lives in exile in India, responded to the social media storm with her own opinions on surrogacy, saying it was only possible “because there are poor women” in the world.

“How do these mothers feel when they get their ready-made babies through surrogacy?” Nasreen asked on Twitter, “Do they have the same feelings for the babies [as] the mothers who give birth …?”

“Rich people always want the existence of poverty in society for their own interests. If you badly need to raise a child, adopt a homeless one … I won’t accept surrogacy until rich women become surrogate mums,” she added, later stressing that her comments had “nothing to do with Priyanka-Nick”.

For Kalakriti Chadha of Jagori, a New Delhi-based women’s advocacy group, the backlash Priyanka received following the announcement was “regressive”.

“For God’s sake, we’re in 2022! What a woman chooses to do with her life and her body is up to her,” she said. “How can people feel so entitled as to judge her capabilities as a mother [because] she didn’t physically deliver the child?”

Part of the reason for the toxic comments, according to one Bollywood insider, are stereotypes surrounding the “purity” of motherhood in India, which women who choose surrogacy are often accused of “defiling”.

“For the culture police, Chopra is not a lone target. All adoptive mothers, foster mothers, single mothers, stepmothers, 40-plus mothers and divorced mothers have to routinely face such vitriol,” said the actor, who asked not to be named. “Unfortunately, the dads face no such scrutiny.”

Despite the controversy, surrogacy has become a popular option for a number of Bollywood’s biggest names in recent years. Shilpa Shetty and her husband Raj Kundra in 2020, Preity Zinta and husband Gene Goodenough last year, Aamir Khan and his former wife Kiran Rao in 2011, and Shah Rukh Khan and wife Gauri Khan in 2013 all opted to expand their families via surrogacy – as have directors and producers Karan Johar and Ekta Kapoor, who are both single parents.

Not even celebrities can escape the stigma associated with the practice in India, however, with both Shah Rukh Khan and Aamir Khan on the receiving end of public criticism after announcing they were having children via surrogacy.

Shilpa Shetty even felt pressured into issuing a public statement to clarify that she had only opted for a surrogate second child after exhausting other options, including adoption, and “after waiting for four long years to gift a sibling to my young son”.

Modi’s government has said the new law is aimed at “curbing the exploitation of women”, but critics have balked at the exclusion of single men, non-married couples and LGBT people – further cautioning that the legislation will deprive poor would-be surrogate mothers of fees ranging from US$10,000 to US$20,000 and risks forcing India’s estimated US$2.3 billion market for surrogacy services underground.

Sansrkiti Taneja, a Delhi-based lawyer and activist, has warned the new law could create “a thriving grey market for the very services it seeks to regulate” and end up hurting the women that it is intended to protect.

More than 3,000 fertility clinics offering surrogacy services are currently thought to operate across India.