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Associated Press

As Congo copes with its biggest outbreak of mpox, scientists warn discrimination against gay and bisexual men on the continent could make it worse.
In November, the World Health Organization reported that mpox, also known as monkeypox, was being spread via sex in Congo for the first time. That is a significant departure from previous flare-ups, where the virus mainly sickened people in contact with diseased animals.
Mpox has been in parts of central and West Africa for decades, but it was not until 2022 that it was documented to spread via sex; most of the thousands of people infected in around 100 countries that year were gay or bisexual men.
In Africa, unwillingness to report symptoms could drive the outbreak underground, said Dimie Ogoina, an infectious diseases specialist at the Niger Delta University in Nigeria.
First known monkeypox death in US confirmed by Los Angeles health officials
“It could be that because homosexuality is prohibited by law in most parts of Africa, many people do not come forward if they think they have been infected with mpox,” Ogoina said.
WHO officials said they identified the first sexually transmitted cases of the more severe type of mpox in Congo last spring, shortly after a resident of Belgium who “identified himself as a man who has sexual relations with other men” arrived in Kinshasa, the Congolese capital.
The UN health agency said five other people who had sexual contact with the man later became infected with mpox.
“We have been underestimating the potential of sexual transmission of mpox in Africa for years,” said Ogoina, who with his colleagues first reported in 2019 that mpox might be spreading via sex.
Gaps in monitoring make it a challenge to estimate how many mpox cases are linked to sex, he said. Still, most cases of mpox in Nigeria involve people with no known contact with animals, he noted.


In Congo, there have been about 13,350 suspected cases of mpox, including 607 deaths through the end of November with only about 10 per cent of cases confirmed by laboratories. But how many infections were spread through sex isn’t clear. WHO said about 70 per cent of cases are in children under 15.
During a recent trip to Congo to assess the outbreak, WHO officials found there was “no awareness” among health workers that mpox could be spread sexually, resulting in missed cases.
WHO said health authorities had confirmed sexual transmission of mpox “between male partners and simultaneously through heterosexual transmission” in different parts of the country.
Mpox typically causes symptoms including a fever, skin rash, lesions and muscle soreness for up to one month. It is spread via close contact, and most people recover without needing medical treatment.
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During the 2022 major international outbreak, mass vaccination programmes were undertaken in some countries, including Canada, Britain and the US, and targeted those at highest risk – gay and bisexual men.
But experts say that is not likely to work in Africa for several reasons, including the stigma against gay communities.
“I don’t think we’ll see the same clamouring for vaccines in Africa that we saw in the West last year,” said Dr Boghuma Titanji, an assistant professor of medicine in infectious diseases at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta.
She said that the gay and bisexual men most at risk of mpox might be fearful of coming forward in a broad immunisation programme. Countries should work on ways to give the shots – if available – in a way that wouldn’t stigmatise them, she said.

Dr Jean-Jacques Muyemba, general director of Congo’s National Institute of Biomedical Research, said two provinces in Congo had reported clusters of mpox spread through sex, a concerning development.
There is no licensed vaccine in Congo, and it would be hard to get enough shots for any large-scale programme, Muyemba said. The country is trying to get a Japanese mpox vaccine, but regulatory issues are complicating the situation, he said.
Globally, only one vaccine has been authorised against mpox, made by Denmark’s Bavarian Nordic.
Monkeypox to be renamed mpox by WHO
Supplies are very limited and even if they were available, they would have to be approved by the African countries using them or by WHO. To date, the vaccine has only been available in Congo through research.
Oyewale Tomori, a Nigerian virus expert who sits on several WHO advisory boards, said African governments probably have too many competing priorities to ask the UN health agency or donors for help securing vaccines.
“In Africa, mpox is most likely considered a low-priority nuisance,” Tomori said.
He said stronger monitoring, laboratory networks and better availability of diagnostic supplies would be more helpful to the continent than vaccines.


Without greater efforts to stop the outbreaks in Africa, Ogoina predicted that mpox would continue to infect new populations, warning that the disease could also spark outbreaks in other countries, similar to the global emergency WHO declared last year.
“When the HIV pandemic started, it was among gay and bisexual men in the global north, and Africa thought it was not our problem,” he said. “Before we knew it, it came to Africa, but we still thought heterosexual populations would be protected.”
Women of reproductive age now account for more than 60 per cent of new HIV infections in Africa.
“I worry the same thing will now happen with mpox,” he said. “Unless we address these outbreaks in Africa, this virus will keep coming back.”


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Africa

Stigma against gay men could worsen Congo’s biggest mpox outbreak, scientists warn

The characteristic rash of mpox is seen on the hands of a patient. As Congo copes with its biggest outbreak of mpox, scientists warn discrimination against gay and bisexual men on the continent could make it worse. File photo: CDC via AP

Vials of single doses of the Jynneos vaccine for mpox. Photo: AP

Vaccinations against mpox to be extended in London after cases spike

UK doctor advises having mpox vaccine if you live in London or regularly travel there. Photo: EPA-EFE

Mpox particles (red) found within an infected cell (blue) in a laboratory. Photo: AP

WHO declares end to mpox public health emergency

A pharmacist prepares a dose of mpox vaccine at a pop-up clinic in West Hollywood, California, in August 2022. Photo: AFP

WHO renames monkeypox as mpox, citing racism concerns

WHO began consulting experts about renaming the disease in August, shortly after the UN agency declared monkeypox’s spread to be a global emergency. Photo: AP

More than 700 monkeypox cases globally, 21 in US, says new report

At least 700 people worldwide currently have monkeypox. Photo: Reuters

Health workers at Anna International Airport terminal in Chennai screen passengers arriving from abroad for monkeypox symptoms. Photo: AFP

News

World

Unwillingness to report symptoms could drive outbreak underground and gaps in monitoring make it a challenge to estimate how many mpox cases are linked to sex
There is no licensed vaccine in Congo and lack of awareness among health workers that mpox could be spread sexually could result in missed cases


Unwillingness to report symptoms could drive the outbreak underground and gaps in monitoring make it a challenge to estimate how many mpox cases are linked to sex, experts say.
