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Agence France-Presse

Finland is consistently ranked as Europe’s most media literate country, and the skills needed to spot online hoaxes are on the school curriculum amid a boom of misinformation and disinformation campaigns.
“Who knew what a troll was before?” literature and Finnish language teacher Saara Varmola asks her 14- to 15-year-old students, who all promptly raise their hands during a class at a Helsinki school.
“Who produced the material that you watch, what do you produce yourself and whether you have an ethical responsibility,” Varmola says later, as she lists the critical questions to ask when living in a global information environment increasingly characterised by misleading information.
By teaching its citizens how to critically engage with media content to debunk hoaxes, mis- and disinformation, as well as to produce content of their own, Finland wants to promote media literacy as a civic skill.

The Nordic country was among the first in Europe to outline a national policy for media literacy in 2013.
Updated in 2019, the national policy ensures media literacy is integrated in subjects throughout education from early childhood to upper secondary classes.
To enhance skills among adults and the elderly, libraries and non-government organisations are offering courses.
“Media literacy is essential to building societal resilience, and Finland realised this quite early on,” Anders Adlercreutz, the Finnish minister of education, says.
“As traditional media is responsible for less and less of the information we receive, it’s especially important to be able to critically evaluate what you read,” he adds.

Considered a forerunner, Finland has been ranked first on the European Media Literacy Index every year since it was first published in 2017 by the Bulgarian Open Society Institute.
The index compares 41 countries’ resilience to disinformation based on indicators such as quality of education, media freedom and trust in society.
Neighbours Denmark, Norway, Estonia and Sweden trailed Finland’s top ranking last year.
A collaborative approach between many sectors helps explain Finland’s success in promoting media literacy among its 5.5 million residents, according to Adlercreutz.
“It’s not just the school, it’s the media, the newspapers, businesses, the libraries, museums. Everybody sort of takes part in this work,” he says.

According to Leo Pekkala, deputy director of Finland’s National Audiovisual Institute – an institution mandated to implement the country’s media literacy policy – it also boils down to Finns’ trust in societal institutions.
“We Finns still have a very strong trust in the defence forces, the army, the police and the government. We trust our politicians and we also trust the media,” he says.
Still, between sharing a 1,340-kilometre (830-mile) border with Russia and facing the rise of artificial intelligence, Finland is not immune to the influence of disinformation and misinformation campaigns, Adlercreutz warns.
“I’m not so sure that we have yet been tested fully in this matter,” he says.
In the snow-covered school in Helsinki, Varmola hands out assignments to her students with questions related to online disinformation: “Can YouTubers and streamers mislead?”, “Is sponsored content a way of influencing through information?”

“Yes, YouTubers and streamers and people on social media can do it. In my opinion, it’s something you come across,” eighth-grader Bruno Kerman says in a discussion with some of his fellow students.
“Yes, and who is preventing them?” classmate Niilo Korkeaoja adds.
The students say the education system has equipped them with the ability to spot suspicious information online, critically analyse content and verify sources they encounter on social media networks such as TikTok, Snapchat and Instagram.
“School has taught me to interpret messages in the media, also those written between the lines,” Ronja Turunen, another student, says.
The country has a long tradition of promoting media skills among its citizens – when its free comprehensive school system was introduced in the 1970s, the first education curriculum already referenced mass media education.

While education has evolved and adapted to the changing media environment and the advent of digital technologies, the key objective of teaching critical thinking has persisted, Pekkala notes.
“Our overall objective is to promote the kind of skills that will enable people to think and act critically and be active members of a democratic society,” he says.
A major challenge now is to keep all its citizens up to date with the rapid changes in the digital sphere, including members of the country’s growing elderly population who may never have learned how to detect fake news on the internet.


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Disinformation, fake news, scams? In Finland, young people are learning how to spot them

Students attend a class on media literacy at a school in Helsinki, Finland, where acquiring the skills needed to spot online hoaxes is part of the school curriculum. Photo: AFP

Students attend a class on media literacy in a Helsinki school. Photo: AFP

Students attend a class on media literacy. Finland was among the first in Europe to outline a national policy for media literacy in 2013. Photo: AFP

Students attend a class on media literacy. Finland has been ranked first on the European Media Literacy Index every year since it was first published in 2017. Photo: AFP

Students attend a class on media literacy in Finland. The country has a long tradition of promoting media skills among its citizens. Photo: AFP

Students attend a class on media literacy. “School has taught me to interpret messages in the media, also those written between the lines,” one says. Photo: AFP

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Arts

Trolls, fake news, hoaxes – to prevent people believing everything they see online, Finland integrates media literacy into its school system


Trolls, fake news, hoaxes – to prevent people believing everything they see online, Finland integrates media literacy into its school system.


Finland

Social media