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Ashlyn Chak

A Chinese wedding has many of the trappings of a Western marriage and in addition rituals, traditions and matters of etiquette to follow. In our series on Chinese weddings, we break these down and tell you how to get everything right.
Nu’er hong is a Chinese rice wine originating in Shaoxing, eastern China. It is a type of huangjiu – “yellow wine” brewed by mixing steamed grains with a traditional fermentation starter called jiuqu.
Dating back to the Xia dynasty (2070 to 1600 BC), huangjiu is the oldest brewed alcoholic drink in Han Chinese culture.
Despite its name, huangjiu – which has a typical strength of 16 per cent alcohol by volume (ABV) – can range in colour from clear to brown; nu’er hong is often amber.

Nu’er hong has long been very important in Chinese culture.
In the wuxia universe of Hong Kong novelist Jin Yong, the rice wine signified courage, strength and intimate ties to Chinese tradition – “Waiter, serve me a pot of good nu’er hong” was a phrase commonly used by his heroic vigilante characters.
The drink’s importance was highlighted when, in 1997, Tung Chee-hwa was given pots of it to celebrate his appointment as Hong Kong’s chief executive, the head of its incoming government – ahead of the restoration of Chinese sovereignty over the city.
Nu’er hong has special significance in Chinese weddings.
It is often given as a wedding gift and served at banquets, where it comes in a beautifully sculpted bottle decorated with bows and painted with auspicious colours and motifs. This is said to be where its better-known name – huadiao, or “flower-carving wine” – comes from.
When a daughter reaches several years of age the family starts to brew wine. The wine is put in jars, tightly sealed at the top, and buried
From a translation of a book by a 3rd-century Chinese scholar
Because it is traditionally buried for as long as 18 years, Chinese “bride wine” is known to have a rich body, a complex taste and a heavy aroma, although modern variations are processed differently, with a decocting technique instead of the ancient natural brewing method.
Historical mentions of nu’er hong, which literally translates as “daughter red”, point towards its strong link with marriage, and in particular with families giving away their daughters as brides.
One of the earliest written mentions appears in Nanfang Caomu Zhuang (“Plants of the Southern Regions”) by the Western Jin dynasty scholar and botanist Ji Han (263-307).
A translation of one of the sections of the book published in 1979 reads: “When a daughter reaches several years of age the family starts to brew wine on a large scale. After straining, and when the ponds dry in the winter, the wine is put in jars, tightly sealed at the top, and buried in the side of the ponds.
“When spring comes and the ponds are full of water, these jars are not removed. When the daughter is getting ready to be married, the pond edges are dug to remove the wine for use in feasting the guests at the marriage ceremony. It is called ‘girl’s wine’. The taste is exceedingly fine.”

Folk legends pertaining to the rice wine’s origins centre on themes to do with marrying off daughters.
According to one tale, there was once a squire who desperately wanted offspring. When his wife finally fell pregnant he became excited and brewed many batches of huangjiu to be drunk at a celebration to mark the child turning one month old.
The batches of wine he made were not finished at the celebration, so 18 years later, when guests ran out of drink at his daughter’s wedding, he brought out the buried jars to share with the party, who were pleasantly surprised by the smoothness of the aged huadiao.
Another tale is about a man whose heart was softened by his newborn daughter’s first cries. He buried a jar of wine in the garden of their home upon hearing them.
As she grew up, he repeatedly visited the spot where the jar was buried, stamping on the earth from time to time as if to ease his anxiety at the thought of having to one day give her away.
A sip of nu’er hong to thaw out two hearts [...] only a woman can understand the bitter and sour taste in the cup
Lyric from Anita Mui’s song Nu’er Hong
A lesser-known version is zhuangyuan hong, or “scholar wine”. The male alternative to nu’er hong, it was drunk to celebrate getting good results in the imperial examination, which, for over 1,000 years in imperial China, young men sat to gain entry to the bureaucracy.
While the union of two people is usually seen as something to celebrate, weddings have sometimes been viewed with a tinge of sadness in traditional Chinese culture. This is because the bride becomes part of the groom’s family and is no longer considered a part of her own.
Because of this, some Chinese cultures developed mourning rituals, such as the “crying marriage” custom – also known as bridal laments – in which mothers sing and sob for the daughters that will soon leave their family.
Nu’er hong also became embedded in bittersweet wedding rituals.
In Shaoxing culture, nu’er hong is a part of a bride’s dowry. At weddings, the first three pours of the drink are served to the bride’s father, father-in-law and husband. The practice of preparing it from the time the daughter was young continued in Shaoxing until the early 20th century.
“A sip of nu’er hong to thaw out two hearts [...] only a woman can understand the bitter and sour taste in the cup,” sang late Hong Kong Cantopop diva Anita Mui Yim-fong in Mandarin in her 1998 song “Nu’er Hong”.


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Chinese culture

The Chinese rice wine drunk at weddings, and its bittersweet side

Chinese bride wine containers in Shaoxing, eastern China. Photo: Getty Images

A Chinese bride and groom serve wine to wedding guests in Gansu province, northwest China. We look at the origins and lore surrounding the Chinese bride wine and why, for the bride’s family, it can be synonymous with sadness. Photo: Getty Images

A couple serve their relatives rice wine at a wedding in Sichuan province, China. Photo: Getty Images

A woman paints nu’er hong containers in Shaoxing, eastern China. The vessels, adorned with auspicious motifs and colours, often feature at Chinese weddings. Photo: Getty Images

The enduring Chinese love affair with gold wedding jewellery, the dragon and the phoenix

Chinese weddings traditions involve giving lots of gold jewellery to the bride, who should wear as much as possible on her wedding day. Photo: Getty Images

In Chinese tradition, the mother-in-law gives the bride four gold ornaments: a necklace, a bracelet, a pair of earrings and a ring. Photo: Getty Images

Traditional Chinese wedding gifts include gold bangles, often engraved with a dragon and a phoenix, and the Chinese characters for “double happiness”. Photo: Shutterstock

Gold is often a feature on Chinese traditional wedding outfits. Photo: Getty Images

Chinese wedding rituals, from betrothal to dowry to readying the bridal bed, explained

The bridal bed is made with red sheets and pillow cases, red being the most auspicious colour in Chinese tradition. Photo: Shutterstock Images

Lo Kan-fong, a “bride’s chaperon” for Chinese weddings, with a tea set that typically forms part of the bride’s dowry. Photo: Edmond So

A couple serve the groom’s parents tea after the bride has moved into their home, so the bridal dowry should include everything needed for the ceremony. Photo: Shutterstock Images

The bride’s dowry should include red sheets and pillow cases with which to make the bridal bed. Photo: Shutterstock Images

Children will receive lai see red packets containing money to thank them for performing the ritual of jumping up and down on the bridal bed. Photo: Shutterstock Images

6 Chinese wedding customs, including pouring tea, and things to avoid, such as wearing red

A traditional tea ceremony at a Chinese wedding. Photo: Shutterstock

Chinese wedding attendees hold cups as part of a traditional tea ceremony. We look at why pouring tea is an important nuptial ritual, which wedding dates are considered unlucky in Chinese culture, and more. Photo: Shutterstock

A groom in traditional dress surrounded by his groomsmen at a Chinese wedding. Photo: Shutterstock

Lai see red packets containing money are given to the bride and groom at Chinese weddings. Photo: Shutterstock

At Chinese weddings, family members will often present the bride and groom with gifts of gold jewellery. Photo: Shutterstock

A traditional tea ceremony at a Chinese wedding. The bride and groom pour tea for their family members to show respect, and in return receive gifts. Photo: Shutterstock

A couple wear red traditional Zhuang dress for their wedding in Nanning, in Guangxi, southern China. Photo: Getty Images

Roast pig, especially suckling pig, is among the most common dishes served at Chinese weddings. Photo: Shutterstock

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Animals of the Chinese zodiac. Illustration: Shutterstock


Up next in the Chinese calendar is the Year of the Dragon. The dragon is one of 12 animal signs denoting the years in the Chinese calendrical cycle. The traits of each animal are believed to be reflected in the people born under their signs. Dragons are gifted, lucky, confident, intelligent and charismatic. Photo: Shutterstock

Bronze horse statues at a shrine in Taiwan. Those born in the year of the horse are said to be magnets for attention. Photo: Shutterstock

Sculptures of goats, part of a display of sculptures of the 12 Chinese zodiac animals at a scenic area in China. Photo: Shutterstock

A lantern in the shape of a rooster on display during Lunar New Year celebrations in Sydney, Australia, in February 2016 to herald the Year of the Rooster. Photo: Shutterstock

The rabbit is the luckiest Chinese zodiac animal of them all. Photo: Shutterstock

Lifestyle

Arts & Culture

Food & Drink

Chinese wedding customs

A still from a viral Chinese social media video of a woman being tied to a lamppost by men during a Chinese wedding hazing ritual. Photo: Weibo

A groom holding a bouquet knocks on his bride’s door while his bride’s friends watch. Door games are a staple of Chinese weddings in which the groom and his friends must complete challenges to “claim” the bride. Photo: Getty Images

A still from a video showing men taping a bridesmaid to a lamp post and setting off firecrackers at her feet. This is one of many wedding hazing incidents that has ignited debate in recent years.

A still from a video showing bridesmaids injured during a wedding in Shenzhen, southern China. Photo: qq.com

A still from a video of a man tied to an electricity pole as part of a wedding hazing incident. Chinese authorities are trying to stamp out the practice. Photo: thepaper.cn

A bridesmaid in China cowers on a street as men spray her with fire extinguishers during a wedding hazing incident that sparked outrage online.

Ai Guangtao was wearing only his underwear and was covered in ink when he was hit by a car while fleeing from his entourage during a hazing prank gone wrong. Photo: sohu

Tools needed for a pre-wedding hair-combing ceremony. Photo: Edmond So

A collective wedding ceremony held Foshan, China, in 2014. We find out who conducts the pre-wedding hair-combing ceremony, how to play door games on the big day and the role a red umbrella plays. Photo: Shutterstock

Combs, scissors, thread and a mirror belonging to Lo Kan-fong, who is a bride’s chaperon for Chinese weddings. Photo: Edmond So

Chan Wah-yuet is a bride’s chaperon who helps couples perform Chinese wedding rituals. Photo: Chan Yuet-wah

Bride’s chaperon Lo Kan-fong holds up a qun kua, a red two-piece wedding set usually embroidered with lucky motifs. Photo: Edmond So

Bride’s chaperon Chan Wah-yuet says tradition dictates that a tea ceremony be held in the groom’s family home, to be followed by a meal, but that these days the meal may be taken in a restaurant. Photo: Chan Yuet-wah

Bride’s chaperon Lo Kan-fong with a tea ceremony set. In the olden days, the Chinese tea ceremony was done with the bride’s elders first at her home, and then with the groom’s elders at his home. Photo: Edmond So

People carry a pig and other gifts to a bride’s home in China. Photo: Getty Images

5 ways the Chinese zodiac can help you find your perfect marriage match

Fortune-tellers examine a potential Chinese bride and groom’s month, year, day and time of birth, and their and their parents’ zodiac signs, to see if they are compatible. Photo: Shutterstock

If the couple’s birth animals align and do not clash, fortune-tellers say they will have a good family life. Photo: Shutterstock

In Chinese culture, each year is associated with one of 12 animals, and these animals either align or clash. Photo: Shutterstock

The bride- and groom-to-be’s hour of birth is linked to compatibility for parenthood and the relationship. Photo: Shutterstock

The date of the wedding is equally important to ensure a harmonious marriage. Photo: Shutterstock

Nu’er hong, or huadiao, is rice wine traditionally drunk at Chinese weddings. Matured 18 years, its opening marks a daughter’s leaving home


Nu’er hong, or huadiao, is rice wine traditionally drunk at Chinese weddings. Matured 18 years, its opening marks a daughter’s leaving home.


Chinese history

Wine and Spirits

Weddings

Food and Drinks